The Effect of Acute Breath-Holding Exercise in Different Conditions on Cognitive Performance in Free Divers / El efecto del ejercicio agudo de contener la respiración en diferentes condiciones sobre el rendimiento cognitivo en buceadores libres

There is a growing trend towards studying human cognition in aquatic environments. At present, there exists a dearth of scholarly investigations pertaining to the immediate effects on executive functions subsequent to a solitary breath-holding training session within the cohort of professional free divers who engage in highly strenuous activities that test their physiological boundaries. The objective of this study was to investigate the immediate impact of breath-holding exercises conducted in varying environments (water and land) on the executive functions of professional diving athletes. The research comprised a sample of 18 male individuals engaged in competitive free diving. The experimental design encompassed four distinct sessions: i) an initial phase dedicated to familiarising participants with the N-back test; ii) a subsequent phase involving the collection of baseline and control measurements for the N-back test; iii) a session focused on obtaining anthropometric measurements; and iv) a final session dedicated to measuring lung capacity. The cognitive assessments were conducted subsequent to the breath-holding exercise protocol, which occurred subsequent to both the land and water sessions. The results indicated a significant difference in reaction times between breath-holding exercises conducted on land and in water (p =.021). The computation of delta values was employed to ascertain alterations in cognitive test outcomes under distinct conditions (water and land) in comparison to the control condition. The findings revealed a statistically significant decline in cognitive performance in the water condition relative to the land condition (z:-2.025, p= 0.043, r= -0.544). This study claims that the implementation of breath-holding exercise training in surface water conditions among divers could potentially result in adverse effects on executive functions. Moreover, it has been observed that the identical breath-holding exercises, when executed in terrestrial environments, exhibit a moderate enhancement of executive functions. The present study posits that the aforementioned findings will make a valuable contribution to the development of training methodologies for athletes and coaches involved in the discipline of freediving. Additionally, these findings are anticipated to offer valuable insights into the physiological well-being of divers.(AU)

Hongos fitopatógenos en ambientes terrestres y acuáticos presentes en Latinoamérica / Phytopatogenic fungi in terrestrial and aquatic environments present in Latin America

El propósito de esta revisión bibliográfica es dar a conocer los diferentes hongos fitopatógenos presentes en estos dos tipos de ambientes, y los factores que intervienen en la presencia o ausencia de los mismos.Materiales y métodos: Para la construcción de este artículo se planteó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos: Pubmed, Science direct, Google scholar, Scielo y NCBI en inglés y español, utilizando los siguientes descriptores: Hongos, Microorganismos acuáticos, y Hongos en suelo.Resultados: En esta revisión bibliografía, se encontró en gran parte de los ambientes acuáticos, la presencia de, Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., Trichoderma sp., Blastomyces sp., Geotrichum sp., etc. Además, en los ambientes terrestres, se hallaron hongos del género, Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp., Beauveria sp., Absidia sp., Mucor sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Paecilomyces sp., etc. Así mismo, se investigó sobre los factores que determinan la concentración y diversidad en ambientes acuáticos y terrestres, en todos los tipos de hongos. En los ambientes acuáticos los principales factores fueron temperatura, lluvia, velocidad del agua, estados de los nutrientes, impacto antropogénico y abundancia de materia en descomposición y en los ambientes terrestres, el pH, el impacto antropogénico y la presencia de sustancias contaminantes.Conclusión: En el caso de los hongos en agua dulce, el género Aspergillus s fue el más representativo, en cuanto al ambiente terrestre los géneros Fusarium sp., y Rhizopus sp., fueron los predominantes en la mayoría de los estudios citados en esta revisión. (AU)

Objective: The purpose of this literature review is to know the different phytopathogenic fungi present in these two types of environments, and the factors involved in their presence or absence.Materials and methods: For the construction of this article, a bibliographic search was carried out in the following databases: Pubmed, Science direct, Google scholar, Scielo and NCBI in English and Spanish, using the following descriptors: Fungi, Aquatic microorganisms, and Fungi in soil.Results: In this bibliographic review, the presence of Aspergillus sp, Fusarium sp, Mucor sp, Penicillium sp, Alternaria sp, Trichoderma sp, Blastomyces sp, Geotrichum sp, etc. was found in most of the aquatic environments. In addition, in terrestrial environments, fungi of the genus Rhizopus sp, Fusarium sp, Beauveria sp, Absidia sp, Mucor sp, Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp, Paecilomyces sp, etc. were found. Likewise, we investigated the factors that determine the concentration and diversity in aquatic and terrestrial environments, in all types of fungi. In aquatic environments, these are: temperature, rainfall, water velocity, nutrient status, anthropogenic impact and abundance of decomposing matter. On the other hand, in terrestrial environments, we find: pH, anthropogenic impact, and the presence of pollutants. Conclusion: In the case of fungi in fresh water, the genus Aspergillus sp was the most representative, while in the terrestrial environment the genus Fusarium sp, and Rhizopus sp, were the most predominant with their appearance in most of the studies cited in this review. (AU)

Egg production and life history of Alona guttata Sars, 1862 (Cladocera, Chydoridae): implications for colonization of temporary ponds / Produção de ovos e história de vida de Alona guttata Sars, 1862 (Cladocera, Chydoridae): implicações para a colonização de lagoas temporárias

Cladocerans are a diverse group of species that show rapid responses to changes in environmental conditions. This adaptive capacity has important implications for egg production and life cycle, especially in transitory environments such as temporary waterbodies. The present study investigated the life history and egg production of Alona gutatta Sars, 1862 (Crustacea, Cladocera), an abundant and frequent species from a high-altitude temporary pond (Lagoa Seca, Minas Gerais, Brazil). Newly hatched neonates were monitored in relation to time of maturation, number of eggs produced per female and time of survival. Neonates required a mean of 8 days to mature. A. guttata survived for a mean of 30.9 ± 8.1 days and produced 2 eggs per brood, generating a mean of 10.95 ± 6.41 neonates during the entire life cycle. The rapid development, short time to produce eggs and long life cycle are important adaptations to the adverse environmental conditions of temporary aquatic environments, which can contribute to the rapid colonization of Alona guttata in transitory ecosystems.

Os cladóceros formam um grupo diverso de espécies que apresentam respostas rápidas às mudanças nas condições ambientais. Essa capacidade adaptativa tem implicações importantes para a produção de ovos e para o ciclo de vida, especialmente em ambientes transitórios, como corpos d’água temporários. O presente estudo investigou a história de vida e a produção de ovos da espécie Alona guttata Sars, 1862 (Crustacea, Cladocera) coletada em uma lagoa temporária de altitude (Minas Gerais, Brasil). Organismos recém eclodidos foram observados (em condições de laboratório) em relação ao tempo de maturação, número de ovos produzidos por fêmea e tempo de sobrevivência. Os neonatos levaram em média 8 dias para atingir o primeiro estágio de maturação. As fêmeas produziram 2 ovos por ninhada e geraram uma média de 10,95 ± 6,41 neonatos durante todo o ciclo de vida. A. guttata apresentou uma média de 30,9 ± 8,1 dias de sobrevivência. O rápido desenvolvimento, o pouco tempo para a produção de ovos e o ciclo de vida longo são adaptações importantes às condições ambientais adversas de ambientes aquáticos temporários, que podem contribuir para a rápida colonização de Alona guttata em ecossistemas transitórios.

Celiotomia e gastrotomia para remoção cirúrgica de corpos estranhos em axolote (Ambystoma mexicanum): relato de caso / Celiotomy and gastrotomy for surgical removal of foreign bodies in axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum): case report

A ingestão de corpos estranhos em aquários artificiais é uma ocorrência frequente observada na clínica cirúrgica de anfíbios criados como pets, o que inclui os axolotes (Ambystoma mexicanum). O presente relato descreve um caso de ingestão de sete corpos estranhos em um axolote macho, de cinco meses de idade, com histórico de abaulamento irregular e irredutível da superfície corpórea ventral, de consistência firme. Na anamnese foi informado que o animal habitava um aquário com substrato de cascalhos. Ao exame físico, o axolote apresentou bom estado geral e parâmetros vitais dentro da normalidade para a espécie. Os materiais deglutidos foram identificados em região gástrica por meio de exame radiográfico corpóreo total, e suas características condiziam com o substrato utilizado no aquário do paciente. Como protocolo anestésico, foi priorizada a imersão em Isofluorano e gás oxigênio, com o objetivo de atingir a via branquial e, ocasionalmente, transdérmica. A remoção cirúrgica foi feita através de celiotomia e gastrotomia em ambiente aquático com temperatura, pH e coleção bacteriana controlados, conforme literatura disponível e tendo em consideração a natureza, diâmetro e localização dos corpos estranhos. Após cinco e quinze dias do procedimento, acompanhou-se a cicatrização da ferida cirúrgica, sendo possível constatar bom restabelecimento da continuidade dos tecidos e bom estado geral do paciente.

The ingestion of foreign bodies in artificial aquariums is a frequent occurrence observed in the surgical clinic of amphibians raised as pets, which includes axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum). The present report describes a case of ingestion of seven foreign bodies in a male axolotl, five months old, with a history of irregular and irreducible bulging of the ventral body surface, with firm consistency. In the anamnesis, it was reported that the animal inhabited an aquariums with gravel substrate. On physical examination, the axolotl showed good general condition and vital parameters within the normal range for the species. The swallowed materials were identified in the gastric region by means of total body radiographic examination, and their characteristics were consistent with the substrate used in the patient's aquarium. As anesthetic protocol, immersion in Isofluorane and oxygen gas was prioritized, in order to reach the branchial and, occasionally, transdermal route. Surgical removal was performed through celiotomy and gastrotomy in an aquatic environment with controlled temperature, pH and bacterial collection, according to available literature and taking into account the nature, diameter and location of foreign bodies. After five and fifteen days of the procedure, the healing of the surgical wound was monitored, showing a good restoration of tissue continuity and a good general condition of the patient.

Analysis of the population structure and genetic diversity of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China using SSR markers

BACKGROUND: Procambarus clarkii produces high-quality, delicious meat that is high in protein, low in fat, and rich in calcium and phosphorus. It has become an important aquatic resource in China. Our objectives are (i) to analyze the level of genetic diversity of P. clarkii populations; (ii) to explore the genetic differentiation (Gst); and (iii) to propose appropriate strategies for the conservation. RESULTS: In this study, Shannon's index (I) and Nei's gene diversity index (H) for P. clarkii were high (I = 0.3462 and H = 0.2325 on average and I = 0.6264, H = 0.4377 at the species level) based on the SSR markers. The expected heterozygosity value of 17 microsatellite loci in 25 crayfish populations was 0.9317, the observed heterozygosity value was 0.9121, and the observed number of alleles per locus was 2.000; and the effective number of alleles per locus was 1.8075. Among the P. clarkii populations, the inbreeding coefficient within populations (Fis) was 0.2315, overall inbreeding coefficient (Fit) was 0.4438, genetic differentiation coefficient among populations (Fst) was 0.3145 and gene differentiation (Gst) was 0.4785 based on SSR analyses. The cluster analysis results obtained by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and STRUCTURE analysis were similar. A mantel test showed that the isolation-by-distance pattern was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The high Gst among P. clarkii populations is attributed to genetic drift and geographic isolation. The results indicated that more P. clarkii populations should be collected when formulating conservation and aquaculture strategies.

Os benefícios da preparação para o parto em meio aquático / The benefits of aquatic birth preparation

O presente relatório foi desenvolvido no âmbito do Mestrado em Enfermagem de Saúde Materna e Obstétrica, no estágio de natureza profissional, para obtenção do grau de mestre. Apresentamos uma introspeção e descrição das atividades desenvolvidas no processo de aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências, no contexto das diferentes áreas de atuação, que fazem parte integrante deste estágio: Gravidez com Complicações, Trabalho de Parto e Parto e Autocuidado no Pós-Parto e Parentalidade; que constituiem o pilar do planeamento dos cuidados à mulher/casal, recém-nascido e família. Retratamos, assim, o processo de conceção de cuidados, a descrição do processo de formulação do juízo diagnóstico, com os quais foram articuladas intervenções de enfermagem especializada, assim como o planeamento com a incorporação de padrões de investigação. Consideramos que a prática baseada na evidência constitui um instrumento de suporte fundamental à prática clínica, pois é através do saber científico, mais atual, que os cuidados são aprimorados e cada vez mais personalizados e diferenciados. Isto, por sua vez, traduz-se em ganhos em saúde e, consequentemente, no desenvolvimento da profissão. Neste sentido, problematizamos uma área de interesse cuja opção metodológica consiste numa revisão integrativa da literatura, onde se pretende conhecer os benefícios da preparação para o parto em meio aquático e a sua implicação no momento do trabalho de parto e parto. A literatura revela que o ambiente aquático apresenta determinadas propriedades, como a pressão hidrostática, impulsão e termodinâmica que o tornam no ambiente ideal para a prática de exercício durante a gravidez. A água proporciona uma sensação de bem-estar e relaxamento, permitindo às grávidas sentirem-se mais leves e com maior liberdade de movimento. Adicionalmente, existem ainda importantes vantagens fisiológicas. Concluímos que, o recurso ao meio aquático atenua os desconfortos sentidos na gravidez. Verifica-se, ainda, a diminuição do tempo total de trabalho de parto e parto, bem como uma taxa significativa de integridade do períneo após o parto. Para além destes benefícios, prepara a mulher/casal para o momento do parto, para que assumam um papel ativo e vivenciem a sua experiência de parto como algo positivo e gratificante.

This report was developed in the scope of the Master's Degree in Maternal and Obstetrics Health Nursing, in the professional stage, to obtain the master's degree. We present an introsurveillance and description of the activities developed in the process of acquisition and development of competences, in the context of the different areas of action, which are an integral part of this internship: Pregnancy with Complications, Childbirth Work and Self-Care in the Postpartum and Parenting; which constitute the pillar of the planning of care for the woman/couple, newborn and family. We thus portray the process of care design, the description of the process of formulating the diagnostic judgment, with which specialized nursing interventions were articulated, as well as planning with the incorporation of research standards. We consider that evidence-based practice constitutes a fundamental support tool for clinical practice, since it is through scientific knowledge, more current, that care is improved and increasingly personalized and differentiated. This, in turn, translates into gains in health and, consequently, in the development of the profession. In this sense, we have problematized an area of interest whose methodological option consists of an integrative review of the literature, where we intend to know the benefits of preparation for childbirth in an aquatic environment and its implication at the time of labor and delivery. The literature reveals that the aquatic environment has certain properties, such as hydrostatic pressure, impulsion and thermodynamics that make it the ideal environment for exercise during pregnancy. Water provides a feeling of well-being and relaxation, allowing pregnant women to feel lighter and with greater freedom of movement. In addition, there are also important physiological advantages. We have concluded that the use of water reduces the discomfort felt during pregnancy. There is also a decrease in the total time of labor and delivery, as well as a significant rate of integrity of the perineum after delivery. In addition to these benefits, it prepares the woman/couple for the moment of childbirth to take an active role and experience childbirth as something positive and rewarding.

Effects of aquatic physiotherapy versus conventional physical therapy on the risk of fall in the elderly: a randomized clinical tria / Efeitos da fisioterapia aquática versus fisioterapia convencional no risco de queda em idosos: ensaio clínico

Objective: To identify whether physiotherapy treatment in water is more effective than the treatment in land environment, aiming at improving the process of physical limitation or functional inability (gait speed, balance, motor abilities) caused by lack of balance in elderly with risk of fall. Methods: Randomized clinical trial, experimental study. The sample was composed of 35 senior individuals of both sexes, with average age of 65. Nineteen people composed the control Group /Conventional Physiotherapy, while the rest composed the experimental Group/Aquatic Physical therapy. Both groups were submitted to twenty sessions of physical therapy, twice a week, for 50 minutes in individual treatment. Aerobic activities were conducted for both groups separately. Exercises using water specific therapy, such as Halliwick rotation control and Bad Ragaz ring method, were used in the aquatic group and in the conventional group, physiotherapeutic techniques were applied, approaching the concepts of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and decubitus change training. The following tests were used to measure the risk of fall/balance: Timed Up and Go Test, Sit-to-Stand in 30 seconds and Functional Reach. Results: Both physiotherapeutic interventions, aquatic and conventional, showed to be greatly efficient however aquatic physiotherapy showed certain advantages compared to conventional physical therapy, promoting more beneficial effects in the gait speed, balance, motor abilities and, mainly, in the reduction of the risk of fall. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar se a Fisioterapia aquática é mais eficaz que a fisioterapia convencional, visando a melhora do processo de limitação física ou incapacidade funcional (Velocidade da marcha, equilíbrio, habilidades motoras) causada por desequilíbrio em pacientes idosos com risco de queda. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, estudo experimental. A amostra foi composta por 35 idosos de ambos os sexos, com uma média de idade de 65 anos. Dezenove pessoas compuseram o Grupo Controle/Fisioterapia Convencional, enquanto o restante constituiu o Grupo Experimental / Fisioterapia Aquática. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a vinte sessões de fisioterapia, duas vezes por semana, durante 50 minutos em tratamento individual. As atividades aeróbicas foram realizadas para ambos os grupos separadamente. Exercícios utilizando terapia específica da água, como o controle de rotação de Halliwick e o método do anel de Bad Ragaz, foram utilizados no grupo aquático e, no grupo convencional, foram aplicadas técnicas fisioterapêuticas, abordando os conceitos de facilitação proprioceptiva e treinamento de mudança de decúbito. Os seguintes testes foram usados para medir o risco de queda/equilíbrio: Timed Up and Go Teste, Teste de sentar e levantar em 30 segundos e Teste de Alcance Funcional. Resultados: Ambas as intervenções fisioterapêuticas, aquáticas e convencionais se mostraram bastante eficientes, entretanto a fisioterapia aquática apresentou certas vantagens em relação à fisioterapia convencional, promovendo efeitos mais benéficos na velocidade da marcha, equilíbrio, habilidades motoras e, principalmente, na redução do risco de queda. (AU)

A presença de fármacos e cafeína em água superficial e destinada ao consumo humano / The presence of pharmaceuticals and caffeine in surface and treated water

Com um intenso consumo, e graças ao surgimento de novas técnicas analíticas, a presença de fármacos e cafeína tem sido detectada em meios aquáticos por todo o mundo, mesmo que em baixas concentrações. No entanto, os impactos que podem ocasionar à saúde e ao ambiente ainda não são bem compreendidos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença dos fármacos atenolol, carbamazepina, clonazepam, fluoxetina, haloperidol, ibuprofeno, paracetamol, sinvastatina e venlafaxina e da cafeína em água bruta e tratada por uma estação de tratamento convencional, caracterizar as águas de acordo com as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas e verificar as conformidades com os padrões legais, e avaliar os impactos dos compostos detectados nas amostras para o ambiente aquático. As análises foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial. As coletas das amostras foram realizadas nos períodos chuvoso e seco. As características físico-químicas analisadas foram cor aparente, turbidez, condutividade e pH. Para a caracterização microbiológica foram quantificados os coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. O impacto dos contaminantes foi avaliado com base em teste de toxicidade aguda, pela coleta de dados na literatura cientifica acerca dos efeitos subletais para organismos aquáticos e pela avaliação de risco, realizada de acordo com o cálculo do quociente de risco. O método analítico mostrou-se adequado em suas figuras de mérito para a análise dos contaminantes. A carbamazepina, a fluoxetina, a venlafaxina e a cafeína, presentes na água bruta foram removidas pelo tratamento da água. As características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água bruta e da tratada enquadraram-se nos valores estabelecidos pela Resolução Conama nº 357 e pela Portaria de Consolidação nº 5, respectivamente. Os compostos identificados neste estudo podem ocasionar danos a organismos não-alvos e risco ao ambiente aquático.

With an intense consumption, and thanks to the emergence of new analytical techniques, the presence of pharmaceuticals and caffeine has been detected in aquatic environments all over the world, even in low concentrations. However, the impacts they can have on health and the environment are still not well understood. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of the pharmaceuticals atenolol, carbamazepine, clonazepam, fluoxetine, haloperidol, ibuprofen, paracetamol, simvastatin and venlafaxine and caffeine in raw water and treated by a conventional treatment plant, to characterize the waters according to the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics and check the compliance with legal standards, and evaluate the impacts of the compounds detected in the samples for the aquatic environment. The analyses were performed by liquid chromatography coupled with sequential mass spectrometry. Sample collections were carried out in the rainy and dry periods. The physical-chemical characteristics analyzed were apparent color, turbidity, conductivity and pH. For microbiological characterization, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were quantified. The impact of contaminants was assessed based on an acute toxicity test, by collecting data in the scientific literature on sublethal effects for aquatic organisms and by assessing risk, carried out according to the calculation of the risk quotient. The analytical method proved to be adequate in its figures of merit for the analysis of contaminants. Carbamazepine, fluoxetine, venlafaxine and caffeine, present in raw water, were removed by water treatment. The physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of raw and treated water were in line with the values established by Conama Resolution nº 357 and Consolidation Ordinance nº 5, respectively. The compounds identified in this study can cause damage to non-target organisms and risk to the aquatic environment.

Análise da funcionalidade em idosos após a prática de exercícios resistidos em ambiente aquático / Analysis of functionality in elderly after the practice of resistance exercises in aquatic environment

Introdução: O envelhecimento é um fenômeno natural da vida humana que ocasiona mudanças fisiológicas. A senescência provoca alterações que vão interferir no equilíbrio. O exercício é reconhecido como aliado no processo de envelhecimento, assim, exercícios de resistência muscular podem ser realizados em ambiente aquático e terrestre, porém exercícios aquáticos criam situações de instabilidade, fornecendo mais informações sensoriais. Objetivo: Analisar a utilização dos exercícios resistidos no ambiente aquático na melhora do equilíbrio de idosos por meio da análise da plataforma de força e com a eletromiografia de superfície. Métodos: A pesquisa contemplou 13 idosos do município de Parnaíba/PI. O programa de exercícios resistidos em ambiente aquático constituiu-se de exercícios de resistência muscular, equilíbrio e relaxamento, executados durante uma hora, duas vezes por semana em dias alternados, durante seis semanas. Resultados: Em relação à análise estabilométrica houve melhoria do centro de gravidade e controle motor dos integrantes. Ao inferir os dados da eletromiografia dos músculos estudados, obteve-se significância estatística para cada variável, apontando eficácia do protocolo no controle motor destes músculos. Conclusão: O protocolo proposto é eficaz no controle motor e equilíbrio de idosos, reduzindo o risco de quedas e promovendo melhoria da capacidade funcional. (AU)

Introduction: Aging is a natural phenomenon of human life that causes physiological changes. Senescence causes changes that will interfere with balance. The exercise is recognized as an ally in the aging process, thus, muscular endurance exercises can be performed in the aquatic and terrestrial environment, however, aquatic exercises create situations of instability, providing more sensory information. Objective: To analyze the use of resistance exercises in the aquatic environment in improving the balance of the elderly through the analysis of the force platform and the surface electromyography. Methods: The study included 13 elders from the municipality of Parnaiba/PI. The water-resistive exercise program consisted resistance of exercises, balance and relaxation, performed for one hour, twice a week on alternate days, for six weeks. Results: In relation to the stabilometric analysis there was improvement of the center of gravity and motor control of the members. By inferring the electromyography data of the studied muscles, statistical significance was obtained for each variable, indicating protocol efficacy in the motor control of these muscles. Conclusion: The proposed protocol is effective in motor control and balance of the elderly, reducing the risk of falls and promoting improvement of functional capacity. (AU)

Relação ancestral e pan-resistoma plasmidial de Escherichia coli produtora de CTX-M-8 e MCR-1 na interface humana, animal e ambiental / Ancestral relationship and plasmid pan-resistome of CTX-M-8- and MCR-1-producing Escherichia coli in human-animal-environmental interface

Linhagens de Escherichia coli produtoras de ß-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESßL) do tipo CTX-M são endêmicas no Brasil, sendo prevalentes em casos de infecções hospitalares e ambulatoriais. Atualmente, cepas produtoras de CTX-M têm sido recuperadas de ambientes urbanos, animais de companhia ou de produção e de alimentos de origem animal, inclusive afetando o agronegócio, o que aponta uma possível rota de disseminação em diferentes ecossistemas. Recentemente, nesta espécie, foi descoberto um novo gene, chamado de mcr-1, que confere resistência transferível à colistina, um dos últimos antibióticos eficazes para o tratamento de infecções causadas por bactérias produtoras de ESBL e carbapenemases. Deste modo, o presente estudo tem como objetivo elucidar os aspectos sobre a caracterização e a relação de plasmídeos que carregam genes do tipo blaCTX-M-8 e mcr- 1 em cepas de E. coli isoladas de seres humanos, animais, ambiente aquático e alimentos, no Brasil. Neste estudo são apresentados os resultados da análise plasmidial de 25 cepas de E. coli, das quais nove apresentaram o genótipo blaCTX-M-8/IncI1, 11 apresentaram o genótipo mcr-1/IncX4 e cinco apresentaram ambos os genótipos blaCTX-M-8/IncI1 e mcr-1/IncX4. Dos resultados, podemos observar que plasmídeos IncI1 (blaCTX-M-8) e IncX4 (mcr-1) estão circulando no Brasil desde o ano de 2009 entre diferentes clones (STs) de E. coli e em diferentes ambientes e hospedeiros. Os plasmídeos IncI1 foram conjugativos e pertencentes ao ST113, exceto o plasmídeo recuperado de um isolado humano, que foi pertencente ao ST131. Os plasmídeos IncI1 apresentaram sua arquitetura conservada, com a presença de genes de replicação, transferência e estabilidade. A partir do alinhamento, os plasmídeos IncI1 apresentaram 94-99% de similaridade genética entre eles. Dentre os plasmídeos IncX4, independente da fonte de isolamento, todos permaneceram com sua arquitetura altamente conservada. Entretanto, apenas dois plasmídeos (um encontrado em uma cepa de animal e outro encontrado em uma cepa de ambiente aquático) apresentaram uma IS1294, truncando o gene de mobilização. Na análise comparativa, todos os plasmídeos IncX4 apresentaram similaridade genética de 95-99,9% entre eles. No alinhamento de plasmídeos IncX4 brasileiros contra plasmídeos de outras regiões geográficas, foi observada similaridade genética > 99,9%, o que confirma a estabilidade e conservação desses plasmídeos. Neste estudo foram reportados dados inéditos da primeira identificação do gene mcr-1 em diferentes ecossistemas no Brasil, assim como a nova variante mcr-5.3. A análise filogenética dos plasmídeos IncI1 e IncX4, destacam que ambos compartilham uma arquitetura conservada, e a evolução é atribuída à aquisição de genes de resistência. Adicionalmente, um novo vetor de disseminação do gene mcr-1 no Brasil foi identificado - o plasmídeo IncHI2. Os resultados desse estudo demonstram o grave problema da resistência bacteriana dentro do conceito One-health e que, com o avanço de ferramentas moleculares, a identificação e a resolução desse problema poderá estar cada vez mais próxima de ser elucidada

CTX-M-type extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase (ESßL)-producing-Escherichia coli are endemic in Brazil and are prevalent in cases of nosocomial and ambulatory infections. Currently, CTXM-producing strains have been recovered from urban environments, companion/production animals and animal source foods, which indicates a possible route of dissemination in different ecosystems. Recently, in this species, a new gene, called mcr-1, has been discovered, conferring transferable resistance to colistin, one of the last effective antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by ESBL- and carbapenemases -producing bacteria. Thus, the present study aims to elucidate unknown aspects of the pan-resistome and ancestral relationship of plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-8 and mcr-1 genes in strains of E. coli isolated from humans, animals, aquatic environment and food, in Brazil. In this study, we present results from the plasmidial analysis of 25 E. coli strains, from which nine presented the blaCTX-M-8/IncI1 genotype, 11 presented the mcr-1/IncX4, and five presented both blaCTX-M-8/IncI1 and mcr-1/IncX4 genotypes. Among these results, we can observe that IncI1 (blaCTX-M-8) and IncX4 (mcr-1) plasmids are circulating in Brazil since 2009, between different E. coli clones (STs) and different hosts and environments. IncI1 plasmids were conjugative and assigned to ST113, with exception of a plasmid recovered from a human isolate, which was assigned to ST131. IncI1 plasmids presented conserved architecture, with the presence of genes of replication, transference, and stability. From the alignment analysis, IncI1 plasmids presented 94-99% genetic similarity among them. Among the IncX4 plasmids, regardless the isolation source, their architecture remained highly conserved. However, only two plasmids (one detected in an animal's strain and another detected in an aquatic environment's strain) presented an IS1294, truncating the mobilization gene. In the comparative analysis, all IncX4 plasmids presented 95-99,9% genetic similarity among them. In the alignment of Brazilian IncX4 plasmids against plasmids from other geographic regions, >99.9% genetic similarity was observed, confirming the stability and conservation of these plasmids. In this study, unprecedented data from the first identification of the mcr-1 gene in different ecosystems in Brazil, as well as the new variant, mcr-5.3. Additionally, it was identified a new dissemination vector of the mcr-1 gene in Brazil - the IncHI2 plasmid. Phylogenetic analysis of IncI1and IncX4 plasmids highlight that both share a conserved backbone, and evolution is attributed to the acquisition of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes. The results from this study demonstrate the serious problem of the bacterial resistance within the "One-Health" concept and that, with the advance of molecular tools, identification and resolution of this problem may be increasingly closer to being elucidate

Efeitos da fisioterapia aquática na função motora de indiví­duos com paralisia cerebral: ensaio clí­nico randomizado / Effects of aquatic physical therapy in motor functional in subjects with cerebral palsy: randomized clinical trial

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de um protocolo terapêutico para controle de tronco em ambiente aquático e sua repercussão na função motora de indiví­duos com Paralisia Cerebral (PC) diparética espástica, classificados no ní­vel II ou III do GMFCS. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio clí­nico randomizado, estratificado e cego. Os participantes foram selecionados por meio de triagem dos prontuários do banco de dados da Clí­nica de PC da instituição. Da triagem de 1.599 prontuários, 20 crianças foram incluí­das e 16 finalizaram o estudo. Os pacientes foram alocados por estratificação pelo ní­vel do GMFCS em grupo controle (GC) que realizou fisioterapia convencional e grupo intervenção (GI) que realizou o protocolo de exercí­cios aquáticos. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos í avaliação pré e pós-intervenção com os seguintes instrumentos: Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM), Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS), Eletromiografia de superfí­cie (EMG) dos músculos reto abdominal e latí­ssimo do dorso, Teste de Caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6), Timed up and Go (TUG), Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) da marcha, Flexômetro de Wells e Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) PF-50. Resultados: A amostra apresentou-se homogênea para as análises. Na análise intergrupo observa-se melhora no equilí­brio dinâmico sentado (p = 0,001) e reações de equilí­brio (p=0,015) para o GI, houve melhora da flexibilidade da musculatura posterior do tronco e membros inferiores no GC (p = 0,017), para os demais instrumentos não teve diferença significativa nas análises intergrupos. Na análise intragrupo para o GI, constatou melhora no equilí­brio estático e dinâmico do tronco nas três subescalas da TCMS, equilí­brio estático sentado (p= 0,033), equilí­brio dinâmico sentado (p = 0,012) e reações de equilí­brio (p = 0,027), assim como para a pontuação total da escala (p = 0,012); no GMFM, o aumento da pontuação das dimensões D (p = 0,012) e E (p = 0,020), bem como a média das três dimensões (p = 0,012); na EMG observa-se melhora da ativação muscular para o músculo LD; melhora da dor (p = 0,026); ambos os grupos melhoraram significativamente (p = 0,012) a distância percorrida no TC6 e o tempo no TUG, GC (p = 0,017) e GI (p = 0,036). Conclusão: O protocolo de exercí­cios aquáticos apresentou benefí­cios para o controle de tronco de indiví­duos com PC diparética espástica classificados no ní­vel II ou III do GMFCS sendo efetivo na melhora das reações de equilí­brio e no equilí­brio dinâmico. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the aquatic trunk control effects and its impact on functionality in individuals with diparetic spastic type of CP, classified at level II or III on the GMFCS. Methods: This is a randomized, controlled, stratified and blind clinical trial. Participants were selected through the sorting of medical records of the institution's PC Clinic database. 1599 records were screened, 20 children were included and 16 completed the study. Patients were allocated by GMFCS in control group (CG) which underwent conventional therapy, and intervention group (IG) which performed an aquatic exercises protocol. Both groups underwent pre and post intervention evaluation with Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM), Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS), rectus femuris and latissimus dorsi EMG, 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Average Speed, Energy Expenditure Index, TUG, Gait EVA, Wells Flexometer and CHQ PF-50. Results: The sample was homogeneous for the analysis. In the intergroup analysis, there was an improvement in the sitting dynamic balance (p = 0.001) and balance reactions (p = 0.015) for the GI. We oberved an improvement in the flexibility of the posterior trunk and lower limbs muscles in the CG (p = 0.017). The other instruments did not have significant difference in the intergroup analyzes. In the intragroup analysis for the GI, we observed improvement in the static and dynamic trunk balance in the three subscales of the TCMS, sitting static balance (p = 0.033), sitting dynamic balance (p = 0.012) and equilibrium reactions (p = 0.027), as for the total score of the scale (p = 0.012); at GMFM score increased D (p = 0.012) and E (p = 0.020), as well as the mean of the three dimensions (p = 0.012); in the EMG we observed an improvement of the muscular activation for the DL muscle; improvement of pain (p = 0.026); both groups significantly improved the distance walked on the 6MWT and the time on the TUG, CG (p = 0.017) and IG (p = 0.036). Conclusion: There was an improvement of balance reactions and dynamic balance in individuals with CP. (AU)

Effects of land use and limnology variables on the dissimilarity of common and rare aquatic insects in Atlantic Forest streams / Efectos del uso del suelo y limnología sobre la disimilitud de los insectos acuáticos comunes y escasos en arroyos del bosque atlántico

Abstract Lotic ecosystems are altered at various spatial scales leading to the simplification of water bodies and the dominance or exclusion of certain organisms. In streams, species may have limitations generated by the environment that result in a more abundant or rare occurrence. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of water physical-chemical variables and land use in the drainage basin on the composition of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) assemblages in the streams of Atlantic Forest. We collected water samples and aquatic insects from 18 streams in Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. We evaluated the relationship between physical-chemical variables of water and land use and the dissimilarity of EPT assemblages in three different situations: (i) matrix with all organisms collected, (ii) matrix containing only common genera and (iii) matrix containing only the rare genera. We collected 6 023 EPT larvae from 41 genera; 62 % of the individuals belonged to the order Trichoptera, 32 % to the order Ephemeroptera and 6 % to the order Plecoptera. The most common organisms (10 genera) accounted for 86 % of the total abundance of identified individuals. On the other hand, rare genera corresponded to 76 % of the total richness, but only 6 % of the total abundance. For the three matrices studied, the pH, electrical conductivity and riparian vegetation were correlated with the dissimilarity matrix of the three biological datasets used. In our study, we observed that the pH, electric conductivity, exposed soil and riparian vegetation variables were the most important for the dissimilarity of the EPT assemblages. In addition, our results demonstrated that variables at different scales (stream and riparian zone) structure stream insect assemblages. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1223-1231. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Los ecosistemas lóticos se alteran a diversas escalas espaciales que conducen a la simplificación de los cuerpos de agua y a la dominancia o exclusión de ciertos organismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de las variables físico-químicas del agua y el uso del suelo en la porción alta de la cuenca del Río Uruguay sobre la composición de los órdenes Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera y Trichoptera (EPT), en los arroyos del bosque atlántico. Se recogieron muestras de agua e insectos acuáticos de 18 arroyos en el bosque atlántico del sur de Brasil. Se evaluó la relación entre las variables físico-químicas del agua y uso del suelo así como la disimilitud de las agrupaciones de EPT en tres situaciones diferentes: (i) matriz con todos los organismos, (ii) matriz que contiene solo géneros comunes y (iii) géneros raros. Se recolectaron 6 023 larvas EPT de 41 géneros; 62 % de los individuos pertenecían al orden Trichoptera, 32 % a Ephemeroptera y 6 % Plecoptera. Los organismos más comunes (10 géneros) representaron el 86 % de la abundancia total de individuos identificados. Por otro lado, la riqueza de géneros raros correspondía al 76 % de la riqueza total, pero sólo al 6 % de la abundancia total. Para las tres matrices estudiadas, el pH, la conductividad eléctrica y la vegetación ribereña se correlacionaron con la matriz de disimilitud de los tres conjuntos de datos biológicos utilizados. En nuestro caso observamos que las variables de pH, conductividad eléctrica, suelo expuesto y vegetación de ribera fueron las más importantes por la disimilitud de los ensamblajes de EPT. Además, nuestros resultados demostraron que las variables a diferente escala (arroyo y zona ribereña) pueden estructurar insectos acuáticos en los arroyos.

Spatial variability of zooplankton community structure in Colombian Caribbean waters during two seasons / Variabilidad espacial de la estructura comunitaria del zooplancton en aguas oceánicas del Caribe colombiano durante dos estaciones

Abstract Zooplankton is an important component to understand oceanographic dynamics, they are considered good indicators of environmental variability, since most species are short-lived they can be tight coupling of climate and population dynamics, and some taxa are sensitive to variables such as temperature, quality and quantity of food, oxygenation and stratification. In the Colombian Caribbean two oceanographic cruises were carried out, in order to characterize and analyze the biodiversity of the continental margin, for the periods May-June 2008 and November-December 2009. The objective of this study was to determine which oceanographic variable was the most important in the distribution of zooplankton in the oceanic waters, and how the variables structure the community. In each cruise, zooplankton samples were obtained by vertical hauls with a 1 m2 diameter conical net (200 μm mesh size). The zooplankton community structure was studied by automated image analysis (ZooImage), which combined with abundance data, allowed to calculate the slope of size spectrum, and diversity indexes of taxa and sizes. The environmental variables included temperature, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll a of the water column, and were used to calculate the stratification with the Brunt-Vaiisala frequency; this information was complemented by satellite images of temperature, surface chlorophyll, geostrophic currents and sea level, obtained from MODIS and AQUA products. The association between environmental variables and the zooplankton community structure was determined using Spearman's correlation ranges with the Bioenv routine and a stepwise regression model, and Principal component analysis (PCA). Our results showed spatial and temporal patterns in the oceanographic conditions of the study area, such as upwelling in the Northeast region, strong stratification in the Southwest, and mesoscale activity. The abundance of zooplankton exhibited differences between the two climatic seasons and zones. Temporal differences were also evident in the size and diversity of taxa (ANOVA 2-way p <0.05). These changes were related to the moderate upwelling and the activity of mesoscale eddies. Cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies of variable size can either transport or retain zooplankton over cross-shelf and oceanic areas, thus modifying the taxonomic structure of the community. According to the Bioenv analysis, the main variables that explained the abundance and composition of zooplankton were sea level and chlorophyll a (Spearman correlation = 0.49). The stepwise regression showed that stratification, oxygen and chlorophyll a were the most important predictors of zooplankton abundance and size. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 688-708. Epub 2018 June 01.

Resumen El zooplancton es un componente importante para entender la dinámica oceanográfica, es considerado un buen indicador de la variabilidad ambiental, ya que la mayoría de las especies tienen ciclos de vida cortos, por lo que puede haber un estrecho acoplamiento entre el clima y la dinámica de la población, algunos grupos son sensibles a variables como la temperatura, calidad y cantidad de alimento, oxigenación y estratificación. En el Caribe colombiano dos cruceros oceanográficos durante Mayo-Junio 2008 y Noviembre-Diciembre 2009 fueron realizados con el fin de caracterizar y analizar la biodiversidad del margen continental del Caribe colombiano. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar qué variable oceanográfica es la más importante en la distribución del zooplancton en las aguas oceánicas del Caribe colombiano y de qué forma estas variables estructuran la comunidad. En cada crucero se obtuvieron muestras de zooplancton mediante arrastres verticales con una red cónica de 1 m de diámetro de boca y 200 µm de ojo de malla. La estructura comunitaria del zooplancton se estudió mediante el análisis automatizado de imágenes (ZooImage) el que combinado con datos de abundancia permitió calcular la pendiente del espectro de tamaño de la comunidad e índices de diversidad de taxa y tamaños. Las variables ambientales (temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno y clorofila a de la columna de agua) se obtuvieron desde los mismos cruceros y se utilizaron para calcular la estratificación mediante la frecuencia Brunt-Vaisala. Esta información in situ se complementó con imágenes satelitales de temperatura, clorofila superficial, corrientes geostróficas y nivel del mar, obtenidas de los productos MODIS y AQUA. La asociación entre variables ambientales y la estructura comunitaria del zooplancton se determinó mediante rangos de correlación de Spearman con la rutina Bioenv y un modelo de regresión paso a paso. El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) permitió observar patrones espaciales y temporales en las condiciones oceanográficas del área de estudio, tales como surgencia en la región Nororiental, fuerte estratificación en la Suroccidental y actividad de remolinos de mesoescala. La abundancia del zooplancton mostró diferencias entre las dos estaciones climáticas y entre las zonas. Diferencias temporales también fueron evidentes en el tamaño y diversidad de taxa (ANOVA 2-vías P < 0.05). Estos cambios se relacionaron con la surgencia moderada y la actividad de los remolinos de mesoescala. Los remolinos ciclónicos y anticiclónicos de tamaño variable pueden transportar o retener el zooplancton sobre áreas cruzadas y oceánicas, modificando así la estructura taxonómica de la comunidad. Según el análisis Bioenv las principales variables que explicaron la abundancia y composición del zooplancton fueron el nivel del mar y la clorofila a (correlación de Spearman = 0.49). El modelo de regresión paso a paso mostró que la estratificación, el oxígeno y la clorofila a son los predictores mas importantes para la abundancia y el tamaño del zooplancton.

Functional reach and lateral reach tests adapted for aquatic physical therapy / Testes de alcance funcional e alcance lateral adaptados para fisioterapia aquática

Abstract Introduction: Functional reach (FR) and lateral reach (LR) tests are widely used in scientific research and clinical practice. Assessment tools are useful in assessing subjects with greater accuracy and are usually adapted according to the limitations of each condition. Objective: To adapt FR and LR tests for use in an aquatic environment and assess the performance of healthy young adults. Methods: We collected anthropometric data and information on whether the participant exercised regularly or not. The FR and LR tests were adapted for use in an aquatic environment and administered to 47 healthy subjects aged 20-30 years. Each test was repeated three times. Results: Forty-one females and six males were assessed. The mean FR test score for men was 24.06 cm, whereas the mean value for right lateral reach (RLR) was 10.94 cm and for left lateral reach (LLR) was 9.78 cm. For females, the mean FR score was 17.57 cm, while the mean values for RLR was 8.84cm and for LLR was 7.76 cm. Men performed better in the FR (p < 0.001) and RLR tests than women (p = 0.037). Individuals who exercised regularly showed no differences in performance level when compared with their counterparts. Conclusion: The FR and LR tests were adapted for use in an aquatic environment. Males performed better on the FR and RLR tests, when compared to females. There was no correlation between the FR and LR tests and weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), foot length or length of the dominant upper limb.

Resumo Introdução: Os testes de alcance funcional (AF) e Alcance Lateral (AL) são comumente utilizados em pesquisas científicas e na prática clínica. Os instrumentos de avaliação promovem maior segurança para avaliar cada indivíduo com maior acurasse nos resultados e são adaptados de acordo com as limitações de cada doença. Objetivo: Adaptar os testes de AF e AL para o ambiente aquático e verificar o desempenho de jovens saudáveis. Métodos: Foram coletados os dados antropométricos, e os jovens foram questionados se realizavam atividade física. Os testes de AF e AL foram adaptados para o ambiente aquático e aplicados em 47 sujeitos saudáveis com idade entre 20 e 30 anos. Repetiu-se três vezes cada teste. Resultados: 41 mulheres e seis homens foram avaliados. A média do teste de AF para os homens foi de 24,06cm, alcance lateral direito (ALD) foi 10,94cm, alcance lateral esquerdo (ALE) foi 9,78cm para os homens. No grupo das mulheres, o AF foi de 17,57cm, para ALD 8,84cm e ALE 7,76cm. Homens apresentaram melhor desempenho no AF (p < 0.001) e no ALD do que as mulheres (p = 0.037). Os indivíduos que praticavam atividade física não apresentaram diferenças de desempenho nos testes. Conclusão: Os testes de AF e AL foram adaptados para o meio aquático. Homens apresentaram um melhor desempenho no teste de AF e ALD comparado com as mulheres. Os testes de AF e AL não apresentaram correlação com peso, altura, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e comprimento do pé e do MS dominante.

Static balance behavior along a deep water periodization in older men / Comportamiento del equilibrio estático a lo largo de una periodización de carrera en aguas profundas en hombres mayores

The aim of this study was to evaluate static balance along a deep water periodization in older men. Twenty-two older men (65.2±3.8 years) completed 16 weeks of training in deep water. In the first four weeks (weeks 1-4) low intensity training was conducted twice a week, emphasizing familiarization exercises with running technique in deep water and with aquatic environment. In the following weeks (weeks 5-16) an aerobic training of high intensity was performed three times a week, using only deep water running exercise. Static balance was assessed at week 0, 5 and 17 using an accelerometer in four positions: double- and single-legged stances with eyes open and eyes closed. Statistical analysis: We performed a repeat measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc (α=0.05). Static balance improved significantly after the first four weeks of training (week 1 to 4) in both single-legged stances (~33%) and double-legged stances (~54%) (p<0.001).Whereas after the high intensity training period (week 5 to 16) the values remained (p>0.05). The results showed an improvement in static balance throughout a deep water periodization. However, improvement is found after the first four weeks that were emphasized exercises of low intensity and familiarization with deep water running technique and with aquatic environment. Following, the high-intensity aerobic training was sufficient to keep these improvements

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el equilibrio estático a lo largo de la periodización de carrera en aguas profundas en hombres mayores. Veintidós hombres mayores (65,2 ± 3,8 años) completaron 16 semanas de entrenamiento de carrera en aguas profundas. En las primeras cuatro semanas (semanas 1-4) el entrenamiento fue de baja intensidad y se realizó dos veces por semana. Los ejercicios fueron de familiarización con la técnica de carrera en aguas profundas y con el medio acuático. En las semanas siguientes (semana 5-16) se realizó un entrenamiento aeróbico de alta intensidad tres veces a la semana, usando solamente la carrera en agua profunda. El equilibrio estático fue evaluado en la semana 0, 5 y 17 utilizando un acelerómetro en cuatro posiciones: apoyo sobre ambos pies con los ojos abiertos y vendados y apoyo sobre un pie con los ojos abiertos y vendados. Análisis Estadístico: ANOVA para medidas repetidas con post hoc de Bonferroni (α=0,05). El equilibrio estático se ha mejorado significativamente después de las primeras cuatro semanas de entrenamiento (semanas 1-4) en las posiciones en apoyo en un solo pie (~33%) y en los apoyos en los dos pies (~54%) (p<0,001). Mientras después del período de entrenamiento de alta intensidad (semanas 5-16) los valores se mantuvieron (p>0,05). Los resultados mostraron una mejora en el equilibrio estático durante todas la periodización en aguas profundas. Sin embargo, la mejora se encuentra después de las primeras cuatro semanas de entrenamiento, en los que fueron realizados ejercicios de baja intensidad y la familiarización con la técnica de la carrera en agua profunda y con el medio acuático. Después, el entrenamiento aeróbico de alta intensidad fue suficiente para mantener estas mejoras

Effects of a deep-water running program on muscle function and functionality in elderly women community dwelling

AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of deep-water running on muscle function and functionality in community dwelling old women. METHODS: Older women (n=19) were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: deep-water running (DWR: n=09, 64.33±4.24 years, 75.15±12.53 kg, 160.45±7.52 cm; or control group CG: n=10, 64.40±4.22 years, 74.46±12.39 kg, 158.88±5.48 cm). The DWR group carried out 18 weeks of deep-water running, twice/week 50 min sessions. Dynamic isokinetic strength for the lower limb and functionality was assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS: DWR group increased peak torque, total work and average power of the knee and hip flexors and extensors. Additionally showed better performance on gait speed, timed up and go test, five-times-sit-to-stand-test repetitions from a chair as well as the six-minute walk test. CONCLUSION: The deep-water running program was effective to improve muscle function and functionality.(AU)

Efeito da suplementação com ômega-3 associado à hidrocinesioterapia em idosos com osteoartrite de joelho: ensaio clínico randomizado / Effect of supplementation with omega-3 associated with hydrotherapy in elderly with osteoarthritis of the knee: randomized controlled trial

Introdução: A osteoartrite (OA) é causada por fatores mecânicos e inflamatórios que reduz a qualidade de vida (QV) de idosos. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com ômega-3 associado à hidrocinesioterapia sobre a QV e o perfil inflamatório em idosos com OA de joelho. Metodologia: Dezesseis idosos com idade média 65±3,5 anos divididos em 2 grupos. Oito pacientes no Grupo Ômega-3 (GO) suplementado com 2g de ômega-3 por dia durante 30 dias e oito pacientes no Grupo Ômega-3 associado à hidrocinesioterapia (GOH). Foram avaliadas a proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-AS), velocidade de sedimentação globular (VSG) e questionário de QV (SF-36). Resultados: A associação do ômega-3 com a hidrocinesioterapia promoveu redução significativa (p=0,02) da PCR-AS e da VSG (p<0,05) comparado aos valores pré-intervenção. Houve melhora significativa (p<0,05) na QV no GOH. Conclusão: A associação da hidrocinesioterapia com ômega-3 promoveu melhora no perfil inflamatório e na QV em idosos com OA de joelho.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is caused by mechanical and inflammatory factors that reduce the quality of life (QOL) in elderly. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of supplementation with omega-3 associated with hydrotherapy on the quality of life and inflammatory profile in elderly suffering from knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Sixteen elderly patients, average age 65±3.5 years old divided into 2 groups. Eight patients allocated in the Omega-3 Group (OG) supplemented with 2g of omega-3 per day for 30 days and eight patients in the Omega-3 Group associated with Hydrotherapy (OGH). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the QOL questionnaire (SF-36) were evaluated. Results: The association of Omega-3 with hydrotherapy promoted a significant reduction (p=0.02) of hs-CRP and ESR (p<0.05) compared to before intervention. There was significant improvement (p<0.05) on QOL in GOH. Conclusion: The association of hydrotherapy with omega-3 promoted improvement in inflammatory profile and QOL in elderly with knee OA.

Acute glycemic outcomes along the aerobic training in deep water in patients with type 2 diabetes / Respuestas de la glucemia aguda a lo largo del entrenamiento aeróbico en aguas profundas en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Aims: The present study aimed to analyze the acute glucose responses in the first and last sessions of four mesocycles along an aquatic aerobic training periodization. Methods: Fourteen patients (6 men and 8 women; 54.3 ± 9.0 years; body mass index of 34.5 ± 3.9 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes underwent a 12-week training program involving deep-water running. This exercise training was performed by an interval training method, with a frequency of 3 times a week, session duration of 35 minutes and intensity progressing from 85 to 90% to 95 to 100% of the anaerobic threshold heart rate (ATHR) along the periodization. Capillary glucose was assessed before and immediately after the first and last session of each mesocycle. A generalized estimated equation (time x session x mesocycle) was used to assess reductions in glucose levels in different sessions (first and last) along four mesocycles (α = 0.05). Results: All sessions resulted in a reduction in glucose levels (time effect: p <0.001), without differences between the first and last session of each mesocycle (session effect: p = 0.738). With regard to the mesocycles (mesocycle effect: p = 0.003), significant differences were found between mesocycles 2 and 3. In time mesocycle interaction (p = 0.002), in most comparisons, post-session values were lowest that pre-session values, regardless of mesocycle, except for the post-session value of mesocycle 3, which was similar to the pre-values of mesocycles 2 and 4. Conclusion: Aerobic training in deep water with crescent linear periodization over 12 weeks is able to reduce glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objetivo: Analizar las respuestas de glucemia aguda en las primeras y últimas sesiones de cuatro mesociclos a lo largo de una periodización de entrenamiento aeróbico acuático. Métodos: Catorce pacientes (6 hombres y 8 mujeres; 54,3 ± 9,0 años; índice de masa corporal de 34,5 ± 3,9 kg/m2) con diabetes tipo 2 fueron sometidos a un programa de entrenamiento de 12 semanas de carrera en aguas profundas. Se realizó un entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalos, realizado 3 veces por semana, con sesiones de 35 minutos y la intensidad progresando a lo largo de la periodización desde 85% - 90% a 95% - 100% de la frecuencia cardiaca del umbral anaeróbico (FCUA). La glucosa capilar fue evaluada antes e inmediatamente después de la primera y la última sesión de cada mesociclo. Se utilizó una ecuación generalizada estimada (tiempo x sesión x mesociclo) para evaluar las reducciones en los niveles de glucosa en las diferentes sesiones (primera y última) a lo largo de cuatro mesociclos (α = 0.05). Resultados: todas las sesiones resultaran en una reducción en los niveles de glucosa (efecto tiempo: p<0,001), sin diferencias entre la primera y la última sesión de cada mesociclo (efecto de sesión: p = 0,738). Con respecto a los mesociclos (efecto mesociclo: p=0,003) se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los mesociclos 2 y 3. En la interacción tiempo mesociclo (p=0,002), en la mayor.a de las comparaciones, los valores post-sesión fueron menores de los valores pre-sesión, independientemente de mesociclo, excepto para el valor después de la sesión del mesociclo 3, que fue similar a los valores antes de la sesión de los mesociclos 2 y 4. Conclusión: Doce semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico en aguas profundas con la periodización linear y creciente es capaz de reducir los niveles de glucosa en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

An explanatory model of underwater adaptation / Un modelo explicativo de la adaptación subacuática

The underwater environment is an extreme environment that requires a process of human adaptation with specific psychophysiological demands to ensure survival and productive activity. From the standpoint of existing models of intelligence, personality and performance, in this explanatory study we have analyzed the contribution of individual differences in explaining the adaptation of military personnel in a stressful environment. Structural equation analysis was employed to verify a model representing the direct effects of psychological variables on individual adaptation to an adverse environment, and we have been able to confirm, during basic military diving courses, the structural relationships among these variables and their ability to predict a third of the variance of a criterion that has been studied very little to date. In this way, we have confirmed in a sample of professionals (N = 575) the direct relationship of emotional adjustment, conscientiousness and general mental ability with underwater adaptation, as well as the inverse relationship of emotional reactivity. These constructs are the psychological basis for working under water, contributing to an improved adaptation to this environment and promoting risk prevention and safety in diving activities

El medio subacuático constituye un entorno extremo que exige un proceso de adaptación humana con demandas psicofisiológicas específicas para garantizar la supervivencia y la actividad productiva. En este trabajo explicativo se analiza, bajo la óptica de los actuales modelos de inteligencia, personalidad y rendimiento, la contribución de las diferencias individuales para explicar la adaptación de personal militar en un entorno estresante. Se verifica, mediante análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, un modelo donde se contemplan los efectos directos de las variables psicológicas sobre la adaptación personal a un medio adverso, comprobando sus relaciones estructurales durante la realización de cursos básicos de buceo militar y su capacidad para predecir un tercio de la varianza de un criterio poco estudiado. De esta manera, se confirma en una muestra de profesionales (N = 575) la relación directa de ajuste emocional, responsabilidad y habilidad mental general con la adaptación subacuática, atribuyendo una relación inversa a reactividad emocional. Estos constructos constituyen el fundamento psicológico para desenvolverse con seguridad y trabajar bajo el agua, contribuyen a la mejora de la adaptación al medio subacuático y favorecen la prevención de riesgos y la seguridad en las actividades de buceo

Efecto de los cuentos en la competencia acuática real y percibida en infantes / Tales effect in real and perceived aquatic competence in preschoolers

Pese a existir un interés creciente en los estudios por la renovación de los contenidos lúdicos tradicionales, así como en la utilización del medio acuático como recurso educativo, en la actualidad existen muy pocas investigaciones que relacionen ambos aspectos. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio cuasi-experimental fue comprobar el efecto de los cuentos motores acuáticos sobre la competencia motriz percibida y la capacidad motriz real. Los participantes fueron 16 infantes de 3 a 5 años a los que se le midió la competencia motriz real y percibida acuática. Tras una prueba no paramétrica los resultados mostraron que la administración del programa de cuentos motores contribuyó de manera positiva y significativa sobre la competencia motriz percibida del grupo experimental. Se discuten los resultados en pro de incluir en los programas educativos acuáticos los cuentos motores de cara a fomentar el autoconcepto infantil (AU)

Even though a growing interest exists in the study of the renewal of the traditional ‘play’ curriculum, as well as the utilization of the aquatic medium as an educational resource, at present, very few studies link both areas. For this reason, the objective of this quasi-experimental study was to confirm the effect of aquatic motor tales over perceived motor competency and real motor capacity. We studied 16 preschoolers among 3 to 5 years of age for their real and perceived aquatic motor competency. After a non-parametric test was administered, the results show that administration of aquatic mobility stories contributed positively and significantly on the perceived motor competence of the experimental group. The results are discussed in favor of inclusion of aquatic educational programs in order to promote the self-esteem of this age-group (AU)